Tag Language

Forbidden fruits, delightful longings

cc lusikkolbaskin/flickr

A few years ago, a friend of mine was going through U.S. customs at the Blackpool Border Crossing on the highway that runs south from Quebec into New York. He said he had nothing to declare, but then, as the sidearmed customs agent ran through the list of possible contraband (weapons? cash? drugs? agricultural products?), my friend made a fatal pause and then, the question repeated, fessed up: “I have some fruit in my backpack. Is there any way I can bring it in?”

The private languages of Lego

I recall having a strong sense of Lego nomenclature as well, though I’m hazy on the details. I should go out to the storage bins in the garage to root around and see if the touch of plastic can retrieve any specific terms. Meanwhile, Language Log’s Geoff Pullum sums up this delightful article well: “It’s about the deep-seatedness of children’s need to have names for all the things they deal with — and the lack of any necessity for there to be pre-existing names in the language they happen to have learned.”

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Then, when another seven-year-old came round for tea after school one day, I overheard the two of them, busy in the spaceship construction yard that used to be our living room, get into a linguistic thicket.

“Can you see any clippy bits?” my son asked his friend. The friend was flummoxed. “Do you mean handy bits?” he asked, pointing.

“Yes,” replied my boy. “Clippy bits.”

Of course! This language of Lego isn’t just something our family has invented; every Lego-building family must have its own vocabulary. And the words they use (mostly invented by the children, not the adults) are likely to be different every time. But how different? And what sort of words?


from “A Common Nomenclature for Lego Families,” by Giles Turnbull, The Morning News, 4 November 2009 :: via languagehat.com

Originally published at culture-making.com.

And the universal language is … field hockey

Chak De! India (lit. “Go for It, India!”; theatrical trailer here), a 2007 Bollywood film I happened to watch last night, hits just about every sports movie cliche: a team from disparate backgrounds who fight easily and play poorly until an inspiring coach with his own troubled past gets them to work together, whereupon they go on to win, as underdogs all the way, a world championship. But cliches are always much more enjoyable when you hear them in a different language. Plenty of chance for that, too, given the DVD’s pleasing and intriguing array of subtitle options. The bottom two are South Indian languages; the rest trace the global spread of: Indian people? Indian culture? or maybe just field hockey (I recall rooting for the Dutch women’s team in the 2004 Olympics). In any case, I went with the Spanish subtitles and thoroughly enjoyed the film—especially the moment where the team came together as one for the first time and … totally trashed a Delhi McDonald’s.

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Chak De! India (DVD Menu), Yash Raj Films, 2007 :: via Netflix

Originally published at culture-making.com.

Moby Dick, a book about computers

I’m just slightly torn about this expose of machine-miscategorizations in many titles on Google Books. On the one hand, of course the errors ought to be fixed, and the folks at Google are certainly on the case. Honestly, though, I find the pattern of mistakes to be not just charming, but possibility-expanding: miscategorizing Jane Eyre in “Architecture” or “Antiques & Collectibles” offers up a bit of the bookstore-browsing serendipity that we were worried would be lost once the direct-search online catalog took over. If nothing else the mistakes have got me pondering: what sort of book about web browsers would Sigmund Freud have written?

Then there are the classification errors. William Dwight Whitney’s 1891 Century Dictionary is classified as “Family & Relationships,” along with Mencken’s The American Language. A French edition of Hamlet and a Japanese edition of Madame Bovary both classified as “Antiques & Collectibles.” An edition of Moby Dick is classed under “Computers”: a biography of Mae West classified as “Religion”; The Cat Lover’s Book of Fascinating Facts falls under “Technology & Engineering.” A 1975 reprint of a classic topology text is “Didactic Poetry”; the medievalist journal Speculum is classified “Health & Fitness.”


from “Google Books: A Metadata Train Wreck,” by Geoff Nunberg, Language Log, 29 August 2009

Originally published at culture-making.com.

Her loosened tongue employ’d

We’re more familiar with the story of Helen Keller’s first breakthrough into the world of language, by a well-pump on a Tuscumbia, Alabama summer morning in 1887: “As the cool stream gushed over one hand, she spelled into the other the word water… Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that “w-a-t-e-r” meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. The living word awakened my soul, giving it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away.” This newsreel recreates the sweeping-away of one of those latter barriers, as Helen’s teacher and lifelong companion Anne Sullivan explains the technique she and Helen developed to let her “hear” with her hands, and to learn to speak.


Vitaphone newsreel, 1930; quotation from The Story of My Life, by Helen Keller, 1902 :: vis Boing Boing

Originally published at culture-making.com.

What I attend to

This week I’ve been experimenting with a simple speed-reading technique, inspired by this how-to. It’s definitely increased my page-count. As for comprehension and enjoyment, the jury’s still out, but I’m hopeful. The novelty of the technique (basically starting and stopping each line a few words in, relying on your peripheral vision to pick up the rest) does make me attend to what I’m reading much more: there’s less room for my mind to wander.

Here we have the paradox, since in giving up control we somehow gain it, by being brought in contact with ourselves. “My experience,” William James once observed, “is what I agree to attend to” — a line Winifred Gallagher uses as the epigraph of “Rapt: Attention and the Focused Life” (Penguin Press: 244 pp., $25.95). In Gallagher’s analysis, attention is a lens through which to consider not just identity but desire. Who do we want to be, she asks, and how do we go about that process of becoming in a world of endless options, distractions, possibilities?

These are elementary questions, and for me, they cycle back to reading, to the focus it requires. When I was a kid, maybe 12 or 13, my grandmother used to get mad at me for attending family functions with a book. Back then, if I’d had the language for it, I might have argued that the world within the pages was more compelling than the world without; I was reading both to escape and to be engaged. All these years later, I find myself in a not-dissimilar position, in which reading has become an act of meditation, with all of meditation’s attendant difficulty and grace. I sit down. I try to make a place for silence. It’s harder than it used to be, but still, I read.


from “The lost art of reading,” by David L. Ulin, The Los Angeles Times, 9 August 2009 :: via The Curator

Originally published at culture-making.com.

The Shettima Kagu Qur’an

A linguist friend of mine doing a bit of work on archaic Saharan languages sent me a link to this site at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, full of lovely scans of annotated Qur’an pages from northeastern Nigeria. The manuscripts, which date from the 16th to 18th centuries, feature Qur’anic texts and commentaries (tafsīr) in Arabic along with extensive glosses—the more odd-angled jottings—in “archaic Kanembu,” which bears roughly the same relation, my friend notes, to the currently-spoken Kanuri language as does Middle English to that of today. All of which makes for a beautiful piece of parchment, full of layers and meanings.

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Originally published at culture-making.com.

The subtle clicks of N|uu

“New high-speed, ultrasound imaging of the human tongue potentially could change how linguists describe ‘click languages’ and help speech scientists understand the physics of speech production. Here, Ouma Hannie Koerant, a speaker of N|uu, a severely endangered click language spoken by fewer than 10 people in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, prepares to have her mouth and tongue imaged as she pronounces N|uu words.” Hats off to this brave woman and her scientific collaborators in a bittersweet act of last-gasp culture-keeping. Incidentally, the | in N|uu is a dental click (written as c in major South African languages like Zulu and Xhosa; the sound is “comparable to a sucking of teeth”). Those so inclined can also practice their alveolar clicks (q or !), “comperable to a bottle top ‘pop’”, and their laterals (x or ǁ), “comparable to a click one may do for a walking horse”. There are also lip-smacking bilabial clicks (ʘ), and flat-tongued palatals (ǂ). I did my best to learn basic Xhosa click pronunciation a few years ago when I was reading Zakes Mda’s fine novel The Heart of Redness, to make sense of names like Qolorha, Ximiya, and Nongqawuse. Less esoterically, most of us are familiar with the name and San-language voice of N!xau, the late star of the film The Gods Must Be Crazy and its four (!) sequels.

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photo by Johanna Brugman and Bonny Sands, from “Classifying ‘Clicks’ In African Languages To Clear Up 100-year-old Mystery,” ScienceDaily, 18 July 2009 :: additional click info from Wikipedia

Originally published at culture-making.com.

Fourth century Bible goes digital

Here’s to the culture-keepers at the monastery on Mt. Siani!

a The Long Now Blog post by Tex Pasley, 6 July 2009

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The Codex Sinaiticus, the oldest extant copy of the Bible, has been digitized by the Codex Sinaiticus Project, and can now be viewed online here. The manuscript contains the entire New Testament, and most of the Old Testament, all in Greek (the original language of the New Testament). The physical manuscript is divided unequally among four locations in Britain, Germany, Russia, and Egypt, so the online version marks the first time the Codex can be viewed in its entirety in 100 years, when the first part was taken from St. Catherine’s Monastery on Mount Sinai.

The Rosetta Project Language Archive includes a Greek Septuagint translation of the first three chapters of Genesis. This landmark Greek translation holds great historical significance, since it was the preferred translation of most Early Christian writers, including Paul, and is the text quoted throughout the New Testament.

Originally published at culture-making.com.

A reading language

What does a culture with near-100% literacy in its local language make possible? A vibrant community of writers, readers, and loads and loads of books. Welcome to Kerala.

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Outside the big cities, a very small minority of Indians – only seven to eight million – read in English. India has an overall rate of 65% literacy – measured in people’s own mother tongues. But where India drops into the Indian Ocean, in the state of Kerala, home of Malayalam literature, literacy is close to 100%. Not surprisingly, the population of Kerala – some 31 million – reads books.

Malayalam writers are in the enviable position of writing for [2008 Booker-prize-winning White Tiger author Aravind] Adiga’s rickshaw puller and not just about him.

Paul Zacharia, one of the best-known contemporary writers in Malayalam, says: “In the Indian picture, Kerala’s book readers are a record. They are the product both of the literacy movement and the earlier library movement spearheaded by a one-man army called PN Paniker [the founding father of the literacy movement in Kerala]. A whole world of grassroots readers keep emerging from the villages.” …

In a recent report in The Hindu, Ravi DC, CEO of DC Books, Kerala’s leading publishing house, said the sale of Malayalam books has been growing by at least 30% a year. At the sixth international book fair, which DC Books organised in Kerala in November 2008, sales had doubled in a year. And, he added, “the demand for books in rural areas is on the increase”. The marketing strategy was now based on the concept that “books should go to people instead of people coming to book houses”.


from “Kerala: mad about books,” by Mridula Koshy, Le Monde diplomatique, June 2009; cover image from M.T. Vasudevan Nair’s Bandhanam, DC Books :: via languagehat.com

Originally published at culture-making.com.